System of controlling electric lines



F'b. 1, 1949. R. D. NELSON ErAL 2,460,467

Y SYSTEM OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 1 :VM/Jammin INVENTORS @azz/Ma o. Masa/v zw/,V A. l//v/f Aim/Mix Feb. 1,. 1949. R. D. NELSON Erm. 2,460,467

SYSTEM 0F CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 Feb. l, 1949. R. D. NELSON Erm. 2,460,467

SYSTEM 0F CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Shets-Sheet 3 Van JUMPCE Feb. 1, 1949. R. D. NELSON ErAL 2,460,467

SYSTEM OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 Feb. 1, 1949. R. D. NELSON ETAL SYSTEM oF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 B'Sheets-Sheet 5 ggf Feb. l, 1949. R. D. NELSON ET'AL 2,460,467

SYSTEM-OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 Feb. 1,1949. R, D, NELSON HAL 2,460,467

SYSTEM OF CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES I N V EN TORJ Feb. l, 1949. R. D. NELSON Erm. 2,460,467

SYSTEM 0F CONTROLLING ELECTRIC LINES Filed Aug. 16, 1944 8 Sheets-Shea?I 8 ,F0/14AM D. NELSON infr Patented Feb. 1, 1949 2,460,467 sYs'rEM 0F ooNTRoLLING ELECTRIC LINES Rolland D. Nelson, Hales Corners, and Edwin A. Link, South Milwaukee, Wis., assignors to Line Material Company, Milwaukee, Wis., a corporation of Delaware Application August 16, 1944, Serial No. 549,774

7 Claims. l

This invention relates to a system of controlling power lines or other electrical circuits.

Objects of this invention are to provide a system of control for power or other electrical lines which is responsive to reactive power and which controls switching means particularly switching means for switching in or switching out capacitors or otherwise controlling means for producing a capacitive effect on the line to improve the power factor.

Further objects are to provide a system of control for power lines in which a relay is provided responsive to the wattless component of the current and so arranged that it will control the switching in or switching out of capacitors or otherwise control means for producing a capacitive effect on the line to thus improve the power factor of the line, the relay being so arranged. that it is a double acting relay and operates on either side of either a true zero point or an artiiicial zero point on either side of which the relay will operate to change the condition of the line.

In greater detail, further objects of this invention are to provide a system of control and an adjustable relay therefor which may be adjusted to cause the relay to respond to different current values at different phase displacements and to thus determine certain loci defining the iield within which response will be had so that the relay may respond to a small current value at a given phase displacement or a large current value at a smaller phase displacement.

Further objects are to provide a system of regulating or controlling power lines by means responsive to the reactive component of the current and which is so arranged that not only is the capacity of the line varied to improve the power factor hut also which is so arranged that an increasing voltage may be applied to the line when the load increases without the use of voltage compensators or other auxiliary devices of this general nature.

Further objects are to provide a system of control which has the desirable characteristics hereinabove set forth and which is so arranged that it will not respond to transients or other short period disturbances out which will correct for improper power factor conditions, and which also is so arranged that it is inherently stable and will not go through cyclic oscillations but will make the necessary adjustment in accordance with line conditions and thereafter remain quiescent until a further change in the line conditions necessitates a further adjustment.

Embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows the invention applied to a three phase system.

Figure 2 is a sectional view through the main relay for the system, such view being taken approximately on the line 2 2 of Figure 3.

Figure 3 is a plan view of the relay with parts broken away.

Figure 4 is a horizontal fragmentary sectional View approximately on the line .3-4 of Figure 2.

Figure 5 is a vector diagram corresponding to the system shown in Figure i..

Figure 6 shows a modification of Figure 1 in which a synchronous condenser is employed in place of the capacitors shown in Figure 1.

Figure 7 shows the invention applied to a single phase system.

Figure 8 is a vector diagram for Figure '7,

Figure 9 is a diagrammatic view showing one setting of the relay for equal displacement on opposite sides of its spring zero point.

Figure 10 is a diagrammatic View corresponding to the setting of the relay shown in Figure 9.

Figure 11 is a vector diagram showing the loci of current vectors for the setting of the relay of Figure 9.

Figure 12 is a diagrammatic view showing the setting of the relay where the spring zero point is to one side of its functional or articial zero point.

Figure 13 is a diagrammatic view corresponding to the settings of the relay shown in Figure 12.

Figure 14 is a vector diagram showing the loci of current vectors for the setting of the relay shown in Figure 12.

Figure 15 shows a further manner in which the invention may be applied, a three phase system being chosen for the sake of illustration.

Figure 16 is a vector diagram for the system shown in Figure i5 where the impedance of the condenser is less than the impedance of the voltage element of the relay.

Figure i7 is a vector diagram corresponding to Figure 16 but in which the impedance of the condenser is greater than the impedance of the voltage element of the relay.

Figure 18 is a vector diagram corresponding to the setting of the relay as shown in Figure 12 and the circuit arrangement as shown in Figure 15.

Referring to Figure 1, it will be seen that i, 2 and 3 indicate the secondaries of a transformer, the primaries having been omitted, the three power lines being represented by the reference characters il, 5 and S and the load being diagrammatically indicated at 's'. A current transformer indicated generally at e is connected to the tapped current coil e of the main relay indicated gener-- ally by the reference character la. It is to be noted that the relay is a rrelay of unvarying sensitivity, for any given adjustment. The voltage coil ii of the relay is supplied from a step-down transformer i2. The relay has a movable contact arm i3 which, when adjusted as indicated in Figure i, occupies afneutral position intermediate the contacts ''li and jl. The

movable contact arm iii is normally l'held at zero position be means of the spiral spring T6.

rllhe arrangement is such that the relay will respond to the wattless component of thejcurrent owing in the power system, for it will be noted from reference to the Vector diagram of Figure 5 that the voltage in the three second- 'aries i', 'E and '3 'between Athe point 'il andthe points A, B and "C are represented'b'y Vthe vectors VOA, VoB and Voc. The voltage across tliep'oihts B and C is represented by the vector Viso "and it will 'be seen that the vectorY VBC is at right angles to the current IA yin the power line of Figure i Awhen the system has a unity power factoror, 'in other words, is supplying a straight resistance load or its equivalent. v

'Therdet'ailed operation of the relay will be described hereinafter, u The main relay iii controls a pair of time delay relays indicated generally "at il and i8. Each of these time delay relays may be of anydesired y construction. In the form chosen forillustration a shaded coil motor has been vshown foreach of the relays and has its armature indicated by the reference,character t9, its active coil byjthe referencecharacter ffii, and the vshading coil bythe A,

reference character 2l. The motor .is *geared down in each instance so'as to drive'a,c0`nta'ct arm against the'eifect of a spiral 'spring 2,2. The contact arm'of the'tinie 'delay relayl is findicated by the reference character 23 and thatf the time delay relay i3 by thereerence character SuitablestopsJ are provided as indicated for determining the initial or zero position of the contact arms 2.3V and 24. v'lhese contactarme are adapted tcrespectiveiy'engage thestationf ary Contacts 25 :mait- Wliein. .theitme delay relays are not energized, the springs return their contact arms to their Zero or initial point as shown inigure l. Power is furnished for driving the time delaylrelays by means of the stepdown4 transformer El, -oneside of the secondary of which is connected to the contact arm 3`of the main relay id and the other siderof which is connected to one side of the'windings Zit of the time delay relays il and iii, the other sideof the windings 2li being connected respectively to the contacts i5 and lli of the main relay iii.

The time delay relays .fand i8 control a rversible motor 23, the motor rotating in one direction when one relay is closed and in the'other direction when the other relay is closed. The motor 23 may be of any suitable type, a twowinding motor having 'been diagrammatically indicated and supplied from the secondary of 'the transformer 2i' through one or the other of the contact arms 23fand 2E:l when in engagement with the corresponding stationary contacts '25 and 26.

The motor 22S drivesa plurality 'of'wiping switch blades or sectors 3l vthrough the medium of 'a d worm 29 and worm wheel 30. The switch blades are adapted to successively connect capacitors 32 across the power lines li, 5 and 6, the arrangement being such as to produce a Y connection of the capacitor banks though a delta connection could be employed if desired. Limit svin'tches indi- ;cate'd 'generally at 33` "are provided for determining the extreme limits of motion of the switch blades or sector contact members 3i.

From the description thus far given it is apparent that when unity power factor exists in the system, the current vector IA is at right angles to the voltage lvector Veo, see Figure 5, and con- Vs'e'cni'e'ntly rio tendency to rotate the contact arm is imparted'to the main relay H3. If the load on the line becomes inductive, the contact arm 'i3 of the main'relay il) will move in a clockwise direction and will contact the contact l5 and tlius energize the time delay relay l?. The movable arm 23 of the time delay relay il' will engage the Contact .25 and will cause-rotationof the motor "2B in a direction lto connect 'one `or more of 1the capacitors 32 to the line. In 'the positionfshown in Figure i one capacitor of-each bank has been connected in the line. If the additional capacity added to the -line substantially balances the inductive "reactance, the contact arm i3 'of vthe main relay iii will move back towards its zero position under Ythe iniluence of the spring iii and will cause deenergization of the time'delay relay i whose contact 'arm 23 will move back to its zero point away from its contact thus deenergizing'the motor 2S.

If any additional inductive load is thrownion the line, the relay lli will again cause energize- I' the main relay l!) will move to the right and ywill engage the contact ill thereof and energizemthe time delay relay i8. The contact arm 2d Yof the time delay relay I8 willrengage the stationary contact 2S thereof and cause reverserotation' oi the motor 1.528, thus removing one or Ymore capacitors of each 'bank from the line so as vto rees- Vtablish a balanced condition on the line-and improve the power factor. f'at anyone opera'- tion more than one capacitor is requiredftol'secure a balanced condition, the contactarm'l?, of the main relay Iii will engage the contact i5 and remain in'iengagement therewith until the reduisite number of capacitors .has been connected to the line. Similarly, if the :condition of the vsystem requires the removal of more than one capacitor, the Acontact arm lll of the main'relay will engagekthe contactll and remain in` contact therewith until substantial balance of the line has been reestablished.

The main relay will not cause operation of one or the other of the time delay relays for every unbalanced condition of the line, for the unbalance has to berofa certain amount, or, in other words, thewattless component has to Vbe of a` certain Value to overcome the torque produced by the spring lil and of a certain duration as there is Va certain time delay for the main relay i0. After the main relay has functioned, the time delay relay il or'l provdesaniad'ditional delay.

The elect of the spring Yle vof the main relay I can be varied bythe adjustment of the position of the contacts i4 land i5 in 'a manner hereinafter fdescribed. Y

The main relay I is illustrated in F'igures 2, 3 and 4 and comprises essentially a non-magnetic conductive circular disk 34 rigid with a revoluble spindle 35 mounted in suitable bearings, the disk being arranged to pass between the poles of drag magnets 36. The spring I 6 may be adjustable but it is shown as non-adjustable. Its inner end is secured to a conducting sleeve 3'1 insulated from the spindle 35 and connected t0 the contact arm I3, see Figure 2. The outer end of the spring I5 is held by an insulating member 38, see Figure 4, and is adapted to have one of the conductors attached thereto as diagrammatically shown in Figure 1. The contacts I4 and I5 are adapted to have flexible leads connected thereto and the position of the contacts may be adjusted as they are carried by insulating arms 38 which may be swung about an axis coaxial with the spindle 35. The purpose of the adjustability of the contacts I4 and I5 will appear hereinafter. The current coil 9 is in reality composed of two coils wound on two spaced cores 40 of the laminated magnetic frame indicated generally at 4I. The voltage coil II is Wound on a core 42 of the magnetic frame 4I located above the cores 40 and having its axis between the axes of the cores 40. The core 42 and the cores 40 are respectively located above and below the metal disk 34.

Other means may be used to provide the caf pacitive eliect. For example as shown in Figure 6, an over excited synchronous motor indicated generally by the reference character 43 may have its stator windings connected to the secondaries 44 of a three phase transformer whose primaries 45 are connected to the mains 4, 5 and 5. The rotating iield coil 46 of the over excited synchronous motor is connected through a rheostat 4'I with a source of direct current. The excita tion of the field of the synchronous motor is controlled by the movable contact arm 48 of the rheostat. This contact arm is carried by an insulating lever 48 rigid with the shaft 5D of a Worm wheel 5I. The worm wheel is driven by means of the worm 52 on the shaft of the motor 53. The motor 53 corresponds to the motor 28 and is connected up to the time delay relays II and I8 of Figure l in exactly the same manner as described in -connection with such ligure. Limit switches 54 are provided to determine the extreme limits of the motion of the contact arm 48. It is apparent from the description hereinabove that when there is a wattless component of sufiicient magnitude to operate the main relay l0, see Figure 1, the motor 53, see Figure 6, will be energized and will adjust the contact arm 48 to the appropriate place to correspondingly control the excitation of the over excited synchronous motor and thus vary its capacitive effect.

From an examination of the vector diagram of Figure 5 it is apparent that when there is unity power factor that there is no component of the current IA in line with the voltage vector Vrac. However, as soon as there is any deviation from unity power factor, there is a wattless component of the current which is in line with the voltage vector VBC and consequently torque is produced on the shaft of the main relay I0, see Figure 1. The amount of the wattless component necessary to actuate the relay is determined by the strength of the spring I6 and also by the distance of the contacts I4 and I5 from the neutral position of the contact arm I3 of the main relay. Obviously if the contacts I4 and I5 are very close to the zero position of the contact arm i3, a small value of wattless component current will be sufficient to actuate the main relay and consequently to actuate the automatic mechanism. On the other hand, if the contacts i4 and I5 are moved a considerable distance away from the zero or neutral position of the Contact arm I3, an increased torque is required in order to overcome the spring I6 and consequently a larger component of wattless current is required. It is within the province of this invention to make the spring adjustable if desired, though the equivalent effect is obtained by moving the contacts i4 and I5 towards or from the neutral position of the contact arm I3. Additionally it is to 'be noted that the current coil is tapped and any desired number of turns can, therefore, be employed to thus give an additional adjustment determining the magnitude of the wattless component tc which the relay will i respond.

It is to be understood that in any of the three phase systems to which the invention is applied any number of units consisting of the current coil 9 and voltage coil Ii may ne provided to act upon the same or different disks carried by the spindle 35. Also it is to be understood that a conducting drum or drums could be employed in place of the disk or disks. A single unit is sufcient if the load on each of the three phases is the same. However, if unsymmetrical loads are encountered it is preferable to provide two or more units so that the entire condition of the three phase line will be represented by the action of the main relay. For the sake of simplicity, one unit has been shown.

While time delay relays il and I8 have been shown, it is obvious that quick acting relays could be employed. Time delay relays are preferable to prevent the system from responding to transients or Very temporary changes in the condition of the line.

The invention may be applied to a single phase system. Figure 7 shows a single phase system, the power lines being represented by the reference characters 55 and 56 and the load by the reference character 5i. rThe main relay IE! and the auxiliary relays I'I and I8 are exactly like those previously described and the same reference characters are used to designate their parts.

The current coil 9 of the main relay le is connected to the secondary of a current transformer 58. However, in order to have the right angle relation between the voltage applied t0 the voitage coil I I and the current in the current coil 9, it is necessary to form a network in the circuit connected to the voltage coil Ii. This network consists of a condenser 59 bridged by a resistance 68 and connected in circuit with the voltage coil II. The secondary of a step-down transformer 6I supplies current to this circuit. The Voltage across the voltage coil is represented in the vector diagram of Figure 8 as Vp, the voltage across the condenser 59 and the resistance 65 by Vo, and the Voltage at the secondary of the transformer 6I by VL. The vectors lp, Io and IR represent the current iiowing in the potential coil II, the condenser 5S and the resistor 5I), respectively. The constants of the circuit are so chosen that the angular relation shown in the vector diagram of Figure 8 is obtained. In other words, the Voltage VP across the voltage element or voltage coil II of the relay I0 is at right angles to the voltage of the secondary of the transformer 6I and consequently is at right angles to the voltage of the power system. In view of the fact that for unity power factor the currentin the current. coil 9 isin phase with the voltage ofthe system, it. is apparent that the voltage impressed on the voltage` coil li is 90 out of phase with the cur--V rent. in the current coil S at unity power factor. andztherefore no torque is exerted on the. relay is?.

A reversible motor 5.2 is controlled from the timey delay relays l1. and t8, closure of one of the relays driving the motor in oneV direction and oi' the other relay driving the motor inv the other direction. The motor is provided. with a wormx 63 that meshes With a Worm wheel S4. The =worm Wheel is rigid with a sector contact member (i5. which is adapted to engage stationary contacts G6; connected to one side of a series of capacitors El', the other sides of which are connected by means of the conductor 63 with one side. of the line. The other side of the line is connected by means of a conductor Si) with the sector contact member 65. This sector contact member is insulated from the remainder of thev apparatus. Aninsulating projection l! is adapted to engage one or the other of limit switches 'ilV at. the eX- treme limits of motion or" the sector 3.5.vr

In` the position of the parts shown in` Figure 7 all but one of the capacitors 'i' have been con nected across the line and this condition would correspond to a Very heavy inductive load on the line. If the inductive load increases,V an additional` capacitor will be connected across-the line. If the inductive load decreased, capacitors will. be. cutout due to a clockwise rotation of the contact sector S5 until substantial balanceis again established, thus maintaining a good power factor for the line.

Figure 9 shows the main relay adjusted soas to require equal values of leadingl andI lagging wat*- less components or". the current. When the ,con` tact arm lli is in its mid-position the springr` t5 is unstressed. The diagram of the torque required on opposite sides of center position is shown in; Figure l and indicated by the line 12. With'this adjustment it is apparent that. the lociof the current vectors necessary to operate the relay are indicated by the lines 'i3 and 'lilA of Figure v1l. Any current vector whose end terminates on or outside of the loci Si, le will cause operation of the relay. Any current vector whichv `lies wholly within the space between theloci '13,v 'lliV will not cause operationoji the relay as its wattless component is not of sufficient magnitudeto cause the relay to operate. It may cause the relay to move, but is not ofsuncient value,y to cause the contact arm I3. to move intol engage-v ment with one or the other ci the contacts Ul' and l5. The distance betweenfthe loci 7,3 and. 'fit can be varied by varying the spacing of the contacts i4 and l5 from zero position, that` is, by varying the distances and y of `Figures 9 and l0 and thus requiring a greater or Vlesser .torque to move the contact arm a; greateror lesser .dis-1 tance against the spring EB. A-lso it isitovbefnoted; that the contacts l and l do not have.. to vbe equally spaced from the zero point. If, the values of and y are not equal, the loci"13f and liwill;

also be unequally spaced above and below the; vector indicating the voltage of the line;

All. oi the systems employing' this rinvention are inherently sta le provided the condenser steps, or the amount of capacity added'- or taken from. the line for any onevadjustment. is not, great enough to cause the currentfvector'to `,reachforcross the-locus 73 or 'i4' of Figure 1l. 'Incother: words, the value of the capacity .added-or sub:- tracted must not produce over compensation..

With the.adjustmentcorrespcnding to Figures 9, l0. and 1l, equalY wattlessleading and lagging components are; required. to cause the relay to. operate.

The contactsV ifi. andv t5 may; be adjusted to cause the.- .relay to maintain lagging current con.-

Qil "i5, wher ,the contacts is.. and i5 are both on the lagging side 0:? theispring: zero O, thus creating, so te.) speak, an artificial. Zero: point from which the distances :c and t'. are measured.

Figurel-S shows the line indicating the torque oiY thevspring- I. andthe iiner' indicatingthe aizticia-l; zero position.

Frein Figure la itr will be seen that a certain component 'il' of lagging current is necessar maintainthe. Contact arm i3, Figure l2, at its tors which correspondto current values that will causo operation.- of the relay are in icated at 'i3 and la. Cursentvalues whose vector representationis within. the area between the lines i5. and lawill not c hte the relay, but when .such vec torsv te iniziate either on the line it or le or in space outside of such: lines operation oi the relay will. result.

Obviously the contacts le and i5 could both be positionedon. the right-hand side oi the spring. :1ero point or" Figure 12 to maintain a leading currenty condition..

trnay be desirableto maintain the system at an averagelaggingor leading. power factor. This accomplished by the arrangement. shown in. Figure l5 whose vector diagrams are shown in Figures 1G and' In this forinor. the invention. the voltage across the voltage element of the main relay is shift-edV angularly from, a true right. vangle relation to. the. voltage or' the line.

. fer to Figure l5 i be een that the age coil il of the main rel is bridged by means oifa condenser te and is supplied from the secondary oi a step-down transforme' 3ft, the primary. of. which is connected across the lines 5' The current coil of the main relay ia is furnished' from a current transformer S as shown. A Variable resiste' ce .or rheostat .a2 in. series with .the secondary of transformer Si. The remainder of the system may take or' thc'forms previously described, suitable time aelay'reiaysbeing controlled from the main relay tand in turn controlling the switching in or switching outV of capacitors, or any other means of varyingv the canacity4 of theA line, such as the the condenser tais less. than the reactance of thev voltage coil' or element it ofv 'the main reiay. The-:vector Veo is the voltage the terminals oi the secondary ci the transformer si, which voltage isinline 'with the voltage acress the-ter- B; C coils 2 and 3 representing L. the line, the primaries being omitted. The vector Vie represents thepotential across the terminals othe: voltagezcoil andi VR. represents the voltage drop:attthe'resistance-82` It willbe seen that the vectorishas `been shifted clockwise with referencev to the vector fno and consequently. the vector; Vrais: at a .slightly greater angle than a rightgangle'with respect to the voltage of the line, which; theinurposeiof this discussion, isconl l' sidered theivoltage-:from `tliepointt` tothe point This.- adiustrnent is. shown in Figure. 12'

ialzeropoint. The-loci of the current veic-1 e secon-5.a es ci the supply transformer for' 9 A of winding l of Figure 15. The reactive components of current necessary to operate the relay are indicated in Figure 16 and the loci of current vectors for operation at an average lagging power factor cos are indicated by the lines 83 and 84.

It is apparent from en examination of the vector diagram shown in Figure 17 that the system shown in Figure 15 could be adjusted so that the main relay would respond for an average leading power factor cos 9. This is accomplished by either omitting the condenser 8d or else making the reactance of the condenser 8D greater than the reactance of the voltage element il of the main relay. From the vector diagram of Figure 1'7 it will be seen that Vee is the voltage across the terminals of the secondary of the transformer 8! and the vector VP the voltage across the potential coil Ii of the main relay l0 and the vector VR the voltage across the resistance 82. The reactive components of current necessary to operate the relay are indicated in Figure 17 and the loci for the current vectors for operation at an average leading power factor are indicated by the lines 85 and 86.

The diagrams shown in Figures 16 and 17 correspond to a symmetrical adjustment of the stationary contacts i4 and l with reference to the spring zero point of the main relay iii. However, it is possible to adjust the contacts I4 and I5 as shown in Figure 12 and still use the system shown in Figure adjusted to give either the equivalent of the operation indicated in Figure 16 or that indicated in Figure 17 combined with that indicated in Figure 14. For example, as shown in Figure 18 the vector diagram corresponds to that shown in Figure 17 in which the vector Veo represents the voltage across the terminals of the secondary of the transformer indicated at lil in Figure 15. The vector VP indicates the voltage across the potential coil Il of the main relay and the vector VR represents the voltage drop across the resistance 32. Now by shifting the position of the contacts I4 and l5 as shown in Figure 12, an artificial zero point is established so'that there is a component of reactive current necessary to maintain the articial zero. This component is indicated by the vector 87 in Figure 18. The components of current on opposite sides of the artificial Zero necessary to operate the relay are also indicated in Figure 18. The loci of current vectors for operating at a power factor which becomes leading for large current values are indicated by the lines 88 and 89 in. Figure 18.

It will be seen that the current vectors which will cause operation of the relay gradually change from a generally lagging current condition to a generally leading current condition as the vectors increase in magnitude. Thus as the load on the line increases beyond a predetermined average value, the line becomes condensive and the voltage at the supply end of the line will necessarily rise, thus giving an automatic voltage compensation as well as a power factor correction. This is a very highly desirable characteristic of the invention and at one and the same time provides the double adjustment for correction of power factor and also for the maintenance of an approximate voltage irrespective of increase in load on the line.

It is to be noted that there is no necessity for the use of voltage compensators or other devices of this nature as the invention may be so applied that the automatic correction of the voltage as hereinabove set forth is obtained in addition to the automatic improvement of the power factor. However, all of the systems shown will work whether or not voltage compensators are employed. This is true because of the fact that the main relay is not controlled by voltage variation but is controlled by power factor variation.

In all of the systems it is intended that Wherever possible the main relay and the condenser banks will be installed as close to the electrical center of the system as possible, though it is to be understood that they could be placed elsewhere in the electrical system.

It will be seen that a novel method and a novel system of improving the power factor and in certain forms of the invention of improving the voltage regulation has been provided by this invention. A few of the many ways in which the invention can be applied have been illustrated.

It is to be noted also that the systems are inherently stable as previously set forth.

It is to be noted further that the systems are relatively simple and are eminently practical and it is to be noted particularly that an ordinary power line can be converted into the regulated power line hereinabove described with very small change, it being merely necessary to provide for the connecting in of the capacitors or over eX- cited synchronous motor and of the main and auxiliary relays.

While the invention is primarily directed to the control of the capacity eiect on the line by switching in or out capacitors or by otherwise varying the capacity eifect on the line, nevertheless the invention can be applied to other types of switching if so desired.

In all of the systems it is to be noted that there is a tendency to actuate the movable member of the relay when there is an energy component between the voltage applied to the voltage coil and the current flowing in the current coil of the relay.

It is to be understood that where it is specified that the band deined by the current loci of the line bears an angular relation to the voltage of the line,l it is intended that this expression shall mean any angle whether the angle has a value of Zero or a plus or minus value.

The expression power line is to be interpreted in the ordinary and common manner and is intended to mean the electric line which transmits energy from a source of energy to a load. It is used in the claims to distinguish from what might be called a parasitic line, namely, a line leading from the power line and not delivering energy to the load connected to the power line.

Although this invention has been described in considerable detail, it is to be understood that such description is intended as illustrative rather than limiting, as the invention may be variously embodied and is to be interpreted as claimed.

We claim:

l. A system of control for an electric power line comprising means for varying the capacity of said power line, and a relay having a member movable in opposite directions to increase and decrease, respectively, the eiect of said means on said power line, said relay being arranged to respond to the wattless component of the current in said power line and said member being movable in one direction for a lagging wattless component and in the other direction for a leading wattless component.

2. A system of control for an electric power line comprising means for varying the capacity of said ancona-'z power line, and a relay having amember movable in opposite directions to increase and. decrease, respectively, the eiect of said means onA said power line, said relay being arranged to respond to thev wattlcss component of. the current in said power line and said member being movable. in one direction for a lagging wattless component and in the other direction for a lead-ing wattless component, said relay having spring means tending to hold said member inv a predeterminedA position'.

3-.. A system for improving the power factor of an electric power line. comprising arelay having a voltage coil and a current coiland a movable contact member driven from said coils when the current owing in said current coil hasy an energy component with the voltage applied to said voltage coil, means for supplying current to said current coil and: applying voltage to said voltage coil respectively proportional to the current and voltage of said` electri-c power line with the current in the current `coil bearing an angular 1felationto the voltage applied to the Voltage coil when the electric linehas unity power factor to make the vector-representation of the current in said power line fall between current loci deiini-ng:

band having a; predetermined angular relation to the voltageof said power line, and means con;- trolled by said relay for varying the capacity oil said power line to make the saidv vector repre sentation of the current in said pow-er line fallbetween the saidloci.

4. A systemv of control for an electric power line com-pricing mea-nfs for Varying. the capacity of saidV power line, a,- relayA having a, movable member movable in' opposite directions for con:- trolling said means; to increase or decrease the capacity of sai-dV power line, said relay having'. a

current coil andaV vol-tage coi-l con-trolling the movable member of said. relay, and means for' supplying.y current to said current. coil and afpplying voltage to said voltage coily respectively proportional to the current and voltage of said pow-er line with the current in saidcurrent coil bearing a Vector relation to the voltage applied to voltage coil approximating but differing Y from ninety degrees at unity power factor.

5. A system` of control for an electric power line comprising meansfor varying the capaci-ty of said. power line, a relay having a movable member movable in opposite direction-s for com trolling said means to increase or decrease the. capacity of said power line, said relay having a current coil and a Voltage coil controlling the movable member of said relay, and means for supplying current to said current coil and appli#V ing voltage to said voltage coil respectively proportion-alv to the current and voltage of said power line with the current in said current coil bearing a vector relation to the voltageapplied to said voltage coil approximating but diiering ninety degrees at. unity power factor, said relay 12 having spring means-3 biasing' said movable moron 'oer towards motion in one of said directions.

6l A- system of control for an electric power line comprising means for varying the capacitl7 ci power line, a relay having a movable mem` ber movable in opposite directions for controlling raid means to increase or decrease the capacity ci said' power line, said relay having a current coil and a voltage coil controlling the movable member of said relay, and means for supplying current to saidcurrent coil. and applying voltage tof seid voltage coil respectively proportional to tne current and voltage of said power line with the omtrent in said. current coil bearing a vector relation to` the voltage applied: to said voltage coil approximating but diiering from ninety degrees at uni-ty power factor, said relay having spring means tend-ing toy hold said member in aneutral imsition` Z. A sys-tem of control for an: electric power line comprising condenser means adapted to be connected across said power line to vary tno cae pacity of saidI power line by different amounts, motor means for gradually varying the` eect or said condenser means on said power line', a pair ci time delay relays adapted to selectively function. and arranged tocausesaid motor mea-ns to rcJ'eectiveliy increase or decrease theV effect of condenser. meansy on said power line, and a main. relay having movable Contact means. to'- move in opposite directions harm stationary' contact mean-s on opposite s of saidl mov-able contact means, said movable and stationary Contact means selectively controlling time delay relay means, said main relay being responsive to the wattless component of the current in said power line and arranged to move said movable contactmea-nsin opposite directti'onsy in response to a leading or lagging curr t in said power line` respectively, said' main rel p, lm spring means` tending to hold; saidy Inovab-le contact means in' a neutral position and providing a graduali increasing spring load therewhensaid' movable contact means is moved l ci Aher direction trom neutral position.

ROLLAND D. NELSON. EDWIN A. LINK,

REFERENCES CEIED following references are ci record in tbe oi this patent:

UNITED STATESV PATENTS Nftunber Name Dat-.e

1,356,899 Unger Aug. 24, 1920 1,738,344 Anderson Dec. 3, 1929 11,962,943 Seeley June 12, 1934 2,078,657 Kado Apr. 27, i937 2,243,584- Toda May 27, wel 2,298,026 Bany out. e, 1era 

